စံကား

02Zaka sentences

Particles

The small words that mark what each part of a sentence does.

A particle is a short word placed after a part of a sentence to show its role. In English, word order and little words such as "of", "than" and "with" do this job. In Zaka the particles do it.

စံကား

Expected output

မှန်
မမှန်
၇
၁

The common particles

ParticleReads asExampleMeaning
သည်(subject)က သည် ခ ထက် ကြီးk is greater than kh
ကို(object)က ကို ပြသပါshow k
နှင့်"and", "with"က နှင့် ခ ၏ ပေါင်းလဒ်the sum of k and kh
၏"of"က ၏ ...closes a list of operands
ဖြင့်"with", "using"က ကို ခ ဖြင့် စားသော စားလဒ်k ÷ kh
ထက်"than"က သည် ခ ထက် ကြီးk is greater than kh
အောက်"below"က သည် ခ အောက် ငယ်k is less than kh
ဟု"so" (quoting)"..." ဟု ပြသပါshow "..."

Later chapters introduce a few more, each with the feature that uses it.

Particles after a verb

A verb at the end of a sentence can take a polite ending: သည်, ပါ, or ပါသည်. These endings do not change the meaning. ကြီး, ကြီးသည် and ကြီးပါသည် all mean "is greater":

စံကား

Expected output

မှန်
မှန်
မှန်

Notice the print particle. A sentence with an ending (ကြီးသည်) is quoted with ဟု. A bare verb (ကြီး) is shown with ကို. Which ending sounds natural depends on what comes next. Natural Zaka gives the rules.

Hands on

  • Print whether 7 is less than 9, using အောက် and ငယ်သည်.
  • Print what is left over when 5 goes into 17, with ဖြင့် and စားကြွင်း.

Next: Spaces between words.